76 2024 TSMA and readily available compared to expensive isokinetic exercise machines, making them increasingly popular in the field of strength training. The primary distinction between hydraulic and pneumatic systems is that hydraulic systems use liquids like water and oil to transmit power, while pneumatic systems use air to transmit power. Hydraulic systems offer higher resistance, slower speed, greater precision, and more power. On the other hand, pneumatic systems are suitable for applications that require faster and more compact systems, smaller force, and precision. The following will use Curves and HUR, two of the most representative isokinetic-like muscle strength training systems, to illustrate the development of strength training technology in both hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Curves is a highly popular fitness franchise that offers 30-minute circuit workouts for women using hydraulic resistance machines. Curves’ circuit training involves a sequence of resistance training exercises with minimal rest between exercises. The hydraulic resistance machines at Curves are user-friendly because they don’t require any weight adjustments or complex settings. They also adapt to the user’s strength and speed, providing greater resistance when the user pushes with more force and less resistance when the user eases off. Hydraulic resistance is generated by the movement of fluid through cylinders or pistons. The resistance is directly proportional to the force applied by the user, with faster user movements resulting in greater resistance. Hydraulic resistance exercises can significantly improve the strength and power of older individuals. As such, hydraulic resistance training is an effective form of resistance training that benefits older adults through low to moderate-intensity workouts. On the other hand, HUR (Helsinki University Research) is a muscle strength training system developed by the University of Helsinki in Finland. It utilizes pneumatic technology to provide smooth and safe resistance, adapting to the individual’s strength and delivering isokinetic-like training benefits. HUR also employs smart touch technology to monitor and track user progress and performance, offering computerized training equipment and evidence-based exercise concepts for advanced training, rehabilitation, health, and sports performance. However, both Curves and HUR are not true isokinetic machines because they cannot maintain a constant movement speed. The latest isokinetic muscle strength training system developed specifically for the elderly worldwide combines the advantages of Curves and HUR and offers true isokinetic muscle strength training. It features isokinetic exercise machines equipped with a computer control system to maintain a constant movement speed, regardless of the force applied by the user. This enables more
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