75 Taiwan Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association ment, regardless of the applied force. Isokinetic machines are dedicated devices used for strength training, rehabilitation, and testing. The intensity of isokinetic training can be controlled by adjusting the speed of the movement. Slower movements increase intensity, while faster movements reduce it. They are not very common or readily available because they are expensive and require professional guidance. In clinical settings, the following four isokinetic dynamometers are most commonly used: Cybex, Biodex, Kin-Com, and Lido. However, there are also some drawbacks to using the aforementioned isokinetic exercise equipment, including: (1) It requires specialized equipment, which can be quite expensive and may not be widely accessible for the general elderly population. (2) For everyday activities or sports performance, it may not be very practical or functionally strong, as most isokinetic machines are designed for specific joint movement patterns and do not mimi c natura l movements. (3) It may not be very effective in increasing overall muscle mass or strength because it may not provide enough resistance or intensity to challenge the entire body. (4) Due to the high levels of tension and stress during the exercise, it may also lead to localized muscle soreness. To overcome the existing limitations of the aforementioned isokinetic strength training, some alternative muscle strength training methods have emerged, such as hydraulic and pneumatic resistance training. As shown in the blue line in the diagram, these methods present curves that resemble isokinetic muscle strength. They can provide resistance at various joint angles that better suit individual needs. Additionally, they are more affordable
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