73 Taiwan Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association body theoretically include concentric isotonic, concentric isokinetic, eccentric isotonic, eccentric isokinetic, concentric isometric, concentric non-isometric, eccentric isometric, eccentric non-isometric, and isometric contractions. However, in the field of exercise science and coaching practice, we typically categorize them into three major types: isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic contractions. 1. Isometric resistance training is a type of training in which the muscle length remains constant when opposing resistance, and there is no visible movement of the corresponding joints. During isometric resistance training, one typically opposes resistance that cannot be moved. In exercise training, muscles are often contracting with sub-maximal force during isometric contractions. Common examples of isometric contractions include pushing against a wall, tug-of-war, lifting weights, and gripping a racquet, among others. 2. Isotonic resistance training is the most traditional and common form of strength training. It involves using weights like dumbbells and barbells as resistance. During the process of muscle contraction and joint movement, the external load remains constant, hence the term “isotonic resistance training.” However, the actual tension within the muscle changes, also referred to as dynamic contraction. The greater burden on the muscles is typically experienced at a specific angle, often when the lever arm is at its longest. 3. Isokinetic resistance training is the most recent among the three forms of resistance training. Through specially designed training equipment, it allows muscles to maintain a consistent speed throughout the entire contraction process. Muscles can exert their full force, and at every point within the range of joint movement, the muscles produce maximum output of power. The following table provides a comparison of three different strength training modes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Among them, isokinetic strength training, which requires sports technology, is likely a relatively safer and effective strength training mode for the elderly with poorer physical fitness and health conditions.
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